Separately acquired intangible assets are initially measured at cost. Intangible assets acquired as a result of a business combination and which can be reliably measured, are controlled by the Group and are separable or arise from a legal or contractual right, are recognized at fair value separately from goodwill. Subsequent to initial recognition, intangible assets are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment losses.
Intangible assets other than certain trademarks having an indefinite useful life are considered to have finite useful lives, and are amortized by the straight-line method over their expected useful lives:
| Integrated management software | 3-7 years |
|---|---|
| Other software | 3-4 years |
| Patents and licenses | 2-10 years |
| Client relationships | 3-20 years |
| Other intangible assets | 3-20 years |
Acquired trademarks with a finite useful life are generally amortized over a period of less than ten years. Trademarks that the Group considers as having an indefinite useful life (notably based on criteria relating to their durability and brand recognition) are not amortized. The amortization periods for client relationships recognized in connection with business combinations have been set by management based on the estimated attrition rate for the contracts concerned (with a maximum of 20 years).
The cost of licenses and software recognized in the statement of financial position comprises the costs incurred in acquiring the software and bringing it into use, and is amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset.
Subsequent expenditures on intangible assets are capitalized only if they increase the expected future economic benefits associated with the asset to which they relate. Other expenditures are expensed as incurred.
| (in millions of euros) | LICENSES AND SOFTWARE | CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER | TOTAL |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross value as of September 1, 2023 | Gross value as of September 1, 2023 LICENSES AND SOFTWARE 453 |
Gross value as of September 1, 2023 CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER 700 |
Gross value as of September 1, 2023 TOTAL 1,153 |
| Acquisitions | Acquisitions LICENSES AND SOFTWARE 60 |
Acquisitions CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER 38 |
Acquisitions TOTAL 98 |
| Disposals | Disposals LICENSES AND SOFTWARE (24) |
Disposals CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER (19) |
Disposals TOTAL (43) |
| Exchange differences | Exchange differences LICENSES AND SOFTWARE (3) |
Exchange differences CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER (12) |
Exchange differences TOTAL (15) |
| Reclassifications | Reclassifications LICENSES AND SOFTWARE 21 |
Reclassifications CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER (13) |
Reclassifications TOTAL 8 |
| Changes in scope of consolidation | Changes in scope of consolidation LICENSES AND SOFTWARE 4 |
Changes in scope of consolidation CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER 17 |
Changes in scope of consolidation TOTAL 21 |
| Gross value as of August 31, 2024 | Gross value as of August 31, 2024 LICENSES AND SOFTWARE 511 |
Gross value as of August 31, 2024 CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER 711 |
Gross value as of August 31, 2024 TOTAL 1,222 |
| Acquisitions | Acquisitions LICENSES AND SOFTWARE 144 |
Acquisitions CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER 27 |
Acquisitions TOTAL 171 |
| Disposals | Disposals LICENSES AND SOFTWARE (18) |
Disposals CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER (15) |
Disposals TOTAL (33) |
| Exchange differences | Exchange differences LICENSES AND SOFTWARE (11) |
Exchange differences CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER (24) |
Exchange differences TOTAL (35) |
| Reclassifications | Reclassifications LICENSES AND SOFTWARE (8) |
Reclassifications CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER 2 |
Reclassifications TOTAL (6) |
| Changes in scope of consolidation | Changes in scope of consolidation LICENSES AND SOFTWARE — |
Changes in scope of consolidation CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER 22 |
Changes in scope of consolidation TOTAL 22 |
| Gross value as of August 31, 2025 | Gross value as of August 31, 2025 LICENSES AND SOFTWARE 618 |
Gross value as of August 31, 2025 CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS, TRADEMARKS AND OTHER 723 |
Gross value as of August 31, 2025 TOTAL 1,341 |
